One of the sources of Hongshan culture jade: Baiyin Chang Khan site

The Baiyin Chang Khan site is located on the West Barren Mountain, about 0.5 km south of Baiyin Chang Khan Village, Shuangjingdian Township, Linxi County, Chifeng City. It is also located on the north bank of the Xilamulun River. The Baiyin Chang Khan site is surrounded by the mountains of the southern section of the Daxinganling Mountains. The mountain is gentle and there are large open areas in the mountains. The site is located on the gentle slope of the east side of the West Barren Mountain. The tomb area is located in the West Mountain. Above the western ridge.

The Baiyin Chang Khan site was excavated in 1988 by the Inner Mongolia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. In 1989, the second excavation was carried out. In 1991, the Inner Mongolia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and the Archaeological Department of Jilin University jointly conducted the third time. Excavation. The total area of ​​these three excavations is 7264.3 square meters. There are settlements, settlements, ash pits, tombs, etc., which belong to the Xiaohexi culture, the Xinglongyu culture Nantaizi type, and the Xiaoheyan culture. The site is divided into two areas: the north area, called the A area, and the south area, the B area.

A total of 8 jade articles were unearthed from the site of Baiyin Chang Khan. The main types are jade, jade and silkworm. In the subsequent three-stage Zhao Baogou culture, Hongshan culture and Xiaoheyan cultural excavation, no jade was found. In the southeastern excavation of M2, the owner of the tomb is a double burial. The east side is a 25-year-old male and the west side is a 25-year-old female. Both of them are in a state of flexion and limbs. The funerary object is a jade and a piece. The jade tube also has a stone-shaped stone cone, two threaded stone rods, two stone arm shackles, nine stone beads, and nineteen enamel ornaments, totaling thirty-five pieces.

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In 1989, a tomb of the Xinglongyu culture period was unearthed in the tomb of M2 in the Baiyinchang Khan site. It is located next to the left ear of the male tomb owner. It is blue-yellow jade, the jade is warm and the body is flat. The shape is round and round, and the upper and lower sides of the mouth are uneven. It is obviously a soft tool. It has a diameter of 2.9-3.1 cm, a hole diameter of 0.7 cm and a thickness of 1.2-1.4 cm.

These two threaded stone rods are the most unique shape in the Baiyinchang Khan site. The stone rods are cylindrical, the middle holes are made of two sides, and the table is ground with 17 parallel concave lines. A kind of three-dimensional effect with unevenness, this complicated process should have a great influence on the craft ornamentation of the later Hongshan culture jade. Two small holes were drilled in the symmetrical part of the middle of the pipe, and a groove was connected to the ground. One piece was unearthed near the right ear of the male tomb owner, 7.1 cm long and 1.9-2 cm in diameter; the other was unearthed in Near the right waist of the male tomb owner, it is 6.1 cm long and 1.1 cm in diameter.

This is a jade unearthed from the tomb of M4 in the Baiyinchang Khan site. It is also a typical shape of the Xinglongyu culture period. It is a dark green jade. The body is round and round, with a small hole in the mouth. A narrow "V" shape inside the outer width. It has a diameter of 4.2-4.4 cm, a pore size of 0.9-1.5 cm and a thickness of 1 cm. There are ice flakes on the body, and the unearthed features are very obvious.

Two jade tubes unearthed from the site of Baiyin Chang Khan belong to the Xinglongyu culture period. The left side is 3.6-4.4 cm high, 2.1 cm in diameter and 0.8 cm in diameter; the right side is 3.5-3.8 cm high and 1.55 cm in diameter. 0.4-0.7 cm. The jade is dark green, the body is cylindrical, the faces at both ends are sloped, and the middle hole is made of drilled pair.

The jade silkworm is unearthed under the ear bones of the tomb owner. It should be composed of a set of complete accessories with the stone beads and bead beads on the neck and chest. The jade is blue-yellow, and the body has obvious cracks, 3.55 cm high, 1.1 cm thick, and a hole diameter of 0.3-0.5 cm. This jade silkworm is a round carving process with a raised head. The eyes and mouth are honed with a few different widths and incisions. The abdomen is a four-parallel pattern, which is the same as the spiral bar ornament unearthed from the M2 tomb. It can be seen that the craft in the production of the Y-shaped device during the heyday of Hongshan culture is the inheritance of the early craftsmanship. There is also a pair of drilled perforations on the neck that should be used for tethering.

The face-shaped jade ornaments of the Xinglongyu culture period unearthed from the second house tomb of the No. 27 Baiyinchang Khan site. It is 5.8 cm high, 4.4 cm wide and 0.2-0.6 cm thick. It is made of yellow-brown pyrophyllite, which is the place where the Bahrain stone is rich. The body is oval, the surface is sharply honed, and the thickness of the honing is not uniform. There are two curved grooves on the upper end of the watch, which represent the eyes, and the lower end grinds a deep groove and is inlaid with long strips. The clam shell, the upper and lower ends of the clam shell are also grooves, also inlaid with triangular clam shells, representing the mouth and cavities. The shape and craftsmanship are very special.

At the fire hall of a house in the Baiyin Chang Khan site, a stone statue was discovered. The stone statue was honed with a simple carving technique. The stone statue is basically the same as the portraits unearthed from many sites. The shoulders are drooping, the belly is micro-drum, and the hands are hug in front of the abdomen. Although the facial features are somewhat rough, they are more primitive and childish. This is the earliest female statue of archaeological discoveries in China. She should be the patron saint of the tribe in the matriarchal society at that time. She has the multiple identities of the current god, the goddess of fertility and the god of ancestors. She is also a reaction to the early religious teachings of Hongshan culture and enjoys a high status among the entire clan tribe.

It seems that these jade articles unearthed from the Baiyin Chang Khan site are basically combined accessories. Among the seven jade articles unearthed, jade pipes account for more than half, of which 4 pieces, and the jade is the most cultural feature. It is 2 pieces, that is to say, this time it is mainly dominated by jade and jade tube; the smallest number is jade silkworm, only one piece, which has a direct relationship with the regenerative worship of life. The small number of jade unearthed indicates that the identity and status of the person wearing it is different from that of other tribal members. It also shows that in the early days of Hongshan culture, jade was just used in religion and power. In fact, the simplification of its shape also illustrates Its service role is still not perfect, and it is still in a state of initial sprouting.

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