In the traditional vertical control and natural monopoly environment, in a region (such as a county), different unified electricity prices are set by the local government for different users such as industrial electricity, agricultural electricity, urban electricity, and rural electricity. Under normal circumstances, this price will remain for a considerable period of time from the date of enactment. Under the basically constant price of electricity, regardless of the quality of the power service provided by the power company, and regardless of the quality of the power, the user can purchase electricity from the local power company without any choice or complaint. The user can only choose to use How much "electricity, but can not choose to use "what" electricity, but can not choose to use "what kind" electricity price. This is an inefficient and unfair electricity price structure.
Under this price structure, not only the power generation company is restrained, but also the users are bound, so that the user's electricity cost is averaged among all users, that is, the part of the high cost of electricity is higher than the average cost. Users with low power costs are offset by lower than average cost, ultimately resulting in power being not effectively utilized.
In the past few years, many countries in the world have been committed to the reform and transformation of the power industry. One of the goals of power reform and restructuring is to ultimately enable all users to use low-cost, high-quality power. In the US wholesale electricity market and retail market, electricity prices have fallen, and user electricity has undergone fundamental changes. In the UK's electricity market, large users (such as large industrial users) can choose their power producers, while medium-sized users (such as small industrial users and commercial users) and resident users have not been able to choose their market players. The way of using electricity. In general, the decline in electricity prices in the United States and the United Kingdom has reduced the cost of electricity for all users, including residential users. As early as the early 1990s, China has made some reforms in the power industry. In the near future, China will also establish a competitive power market. This paper aims to study the user's rate structure, power purchase mode, user cost, management mode and user power consumption strategy after establishing a competitive power market in China.
1 User cost structure and electricity cost 1.1 User cost structure At present, there are four kinds of tariff structures with different power consumption in China, namely industrial electricity, agricultural electricity, urban electricity and rural electricity. With the deepening of China's power industry reform, the unreasonable price structure of electricity at different prices on the same network will be gradually eliminated. That is to say, the phenomenon of different electricity prices for urban electricity and agricultural electricity in the same grid is gradually eliminated. Therefore, these two types of users can be merged into residential electricity. If the special situation of agricultural electricity is still maintained, then in the competitive electricity market, there will still be three kinds of electricity in China: industrial electricity, agricultural electricity and residential electricity.
1.1.1 Industrial electricity cost The cost of industrial electricity is composed of two parts: one part is related to a fixed rate in a long time (usually 1 year), which is called fixed cost; the other part is shorter than usual (usually It is related to the rate of change over time in one day, that is, 24 hours. The fixed cost of industrial electricity depends on the time: TCT of industrial load (TCT), fixed rate / CT), distribution coefficient, service factor S and power outage coefficient, that is, the transmission and distribution coefficient depends on the industrial users. Whether the distribution network is owned by itself. If the distribution network belongs to the industrial user, then æ²=1; otherwise æ²>1. The service factor S is related to the service requested by the industrial user, if there is no special service 5=1; if special service is required, then 5> 1. The power failure coefficient O is related to the number, frequency, and length of time that the power service provided can be interrupted and interrupted. Under normal circumstances <<1. The time of the industrial user becomes dependent on the load size L (1) in time f, the time-varying rate only (1), the distribution coefficient team, the service factor S, and the total cost C of the power outage coefficient industrial power. For fixed costs and time to become the sum of the 1.1.2 agricultural electricity costs China's agricultural electricity has its own particularity. The cost of agricultural electricity is also composed of fixed costs and time. The fixed cost of agricultural electricity is P(4)P, which is the policy coefficient. The fixed cost of electricity for residents and the time is the total electricity consumption of residents. Cost (: "To comprehensively analyze the cost of 1.2 users, the total electricity cost of industrial electricity, agricultural electricity and residential electricity can be reduced to a unified formula C = Nd. From the above formula, the user cost can be seen. It is divided into three parts, the cost of electricity purchase, the cost of service and the cost of power outage. The cost of purchasing electricity is related to the size of the user's power load, the load characteristics, the length of use time, and the rate (electricity price). It is determined by the fixed cost LCT) / 0). In general, LCT)*T*iCT) constitutes the user's base load, accounting for most of the total load within a certain period of time (usually one year); and L(i)*i(i) constitutes the user's temporary load. Or emergency load, etc., which account for a small total load in a certain period of time. Therefore, fixed costs are the determining factor in the cost of purchasing electricity and have a decisive impact on user costs. Service costs are related to the declining quality of electricity services provided by power generation companies or distribution companies. If the user requests a better service, the service cost is higher, and the overall user cost is correspondingly improved; on the contrary, the user's service cost is low and the user cost is low.
2 User's power purchase methods and principles With the continuous deepening of the power industry reform, users' power purchase methods will also undergo fundamental changes. One of the goals of China's power industry reform is to establish a competitive power wholesale market and retail market.
In the near future, the provincial power retail market and the regional power market, as well as the national power market, have been established. At different stages of the establishment of the electricity market, because the market structure and model are different, the user purchases electricity is also different. In general, there are four types of power purchases: long-term bilateral contract purchases, short-term market purchases, short-term spot market purchases, and direct retail market purchases.
Long-term bilateral contract purchase is the long-term (usually more than one year) purchase contract with the power generation company or distribution company through the power bank under the wholesale market. This type of power purchase is suitable for large industrial users, large agricultural users, large business users and distribution companies. These large users can put a fixed load within a certain period of time into the power purchase contract as their base load. The power distribution company may also sign such a power purchase contract according to the power consumption of its users. The cost of purchasing electricity is purchased by the short-term spot market. The user is also in the wholesale market. According to the load increase of the user in the next few days (usually three or four days), it is directly signed by the power bank and the power generation company or distribution company. Short-term power purchase contract. This type of power purchase is suitable for the temporary planned electricity demand of large industrial users, large agricultural users and large commercial users. It is also suitable for short-term electricity demand of other users such as small industrial users, small business users and resident users. The cost of purchasing electricity is determined by equations (2), (5), and (8).
The spot market purchases electricity is that users buy electricity directly from the spot market in the wholesale market. Although electricity is purchased from the spot market, it is also passed through the power bank. This purchase method is suitable for the temporary emergency power demand of large industrial users, large agricultural users and large commercial users to purchase electricity from the spot market, and is also suitable for the temporary power demand of small industrial users, small agricultural users and small business users. At the same time, this method of purchasing electricity is also suitable for large industrial users, large agricultural users and large commercial users to sell temporary excess electricity from the spot market. The cost of purchasing electricity is determined by equations (2), (5), and (8).
Buying electricity in the direct retail market is the direct purchase of electricity by users in the retail market by selecting their appropriate power generation company or distribution company. In this way of purchasing electricity, users will have more choices: users can not only choose the supplier of their power (power generation company or distribution company), but also choose to buy "how much" power, "multiple" electricity price, " How good is the service and the power outage method. The cost of purchasing electricity is determined by the way that power is interrupted; for power that is not required for reliability and continuity, the method of using electricity that can be interrupted can be selected.
4.3 Baseload User Baseload User refers to the user's centralized fixed load as the base load and the power generation company or distribution company to sign a long-term power purchase contract. The fixed load of large industrial users, large agricultural users and large commercial users is the main component of the system base load. If large industrial users, large agricultural users, and large commercial users can maintain most of their load for a certain period of time according to their power consumption characteristics, and sign a long-term bilateral power purchase contract with the power generation company or distribution company, it will make The price of electricity is reduced, thereby reducing the cost of electricity. Resident users and small business users are also the main components of the system base. However, it is difficult for individual small users and resident users to directly sign long-term bilateral power purchase contracts with power generation companies or distribution companies. If small users and resident users can form joint power purchase users according to their power characteristics and other small users and resident users in the area they are in, and sign long-term bilateral contracts with power generation companies or distribution companies, then small users and residents Users can also lower their electricity prices, thereby reducing their electricity costs.
4.4 Prioritization Power and power outage priority Power and power outages are the priority for the power company or distribution company to provide power services in the order of the user's bidding from high to low, or first in the order of the user's bid from low to high. Stop using the electricity service for electricity service. In a competitive power market, users can not only choose their power suppliers, but more importantly, users can choose electricity prices. When a user bids to a power generation company or a power distribution company, a power generation company or a power distribution company always chooses a user with high bids to give priority to providing power services in order to obtain more profitable profits.
Therefore, the lowest bidder is the last user to receive power, and the highest bidder is the first to receive power. In the event of an accident, the power generation company or the distribution company will always stop providing power to the lowest bidder, and the highest bidder is the last user to be deactivated.
To this end, users should choose a power generation company or distribution company that minimizes the cost of electricity and its electricity price based on its characteristics of electricity consumption and its response to the rise and fall of electricity prices to reduce the cost of electricity for users.
4.S time-sharing electricity When the conditions permit, users, especially large industrial users, can arrange electricity at the lowest price when the electricity price is low, or the electricity price is lower than the average electricity cost according to the characteristics of its production electricity. Use electricity when you are. This kind of electricity consumption can also reduce the user's electricity cost to a certain extent.
5 Conclusion Under the competitive power market, there are three main types of electricity used in China: industrial electricity, agricultural electricity, and urban electricity. Through in-depth analysis of this paper, the following conclusions are drawn: the rate structure and electricity cost of three different types of electricity use in different stages of the power industry reform, that is, different power market modes, are different; The electricity cost consists of three parts: electricity purchase cost, service cost and power outage cost. The cost of electricity purchase is the main part of the user's electricity cost, which is affected by the load and electricity price. In the competitive power market, the service cost and power outage cost also have a great impact on the user's electricity cost; in different stages of the power industry reform Users will strengthen the management of electricity purchase, cost and electricity price, adopt appropriate power consumption strategy, and reduce the cost of electricity for users to a certain extent.
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